One possible criticism of the universal design for learning (UDL) framework is that it requires the use of technology. In the spirit of LU Unplugged, we will be working together to identify strategies based on the UDL framework that do not require the use of technology.
Resources
If you are interested in learning more about UDL please visit the following resources:
http://udlguidelines.cast.org/ – This is an interactive web version of the guidelines. You can click on each of the checkpoints for more information and suggestions for application.
Books
Design and Deliver: Planning and teaching Using Universal Design for Learning – Loui Lord Nelson, PhD. Available in the Lawrence Library.
Universal Design for Learning in the Classroom: Practical Applications (What Works for Special-Needs Learners) 1st Edition – Tracey E. Hall, Anne Meyers, David H. Rose Available in the Lawrence Library.
Universal Design in Higher Education: From Principles to Practice 2nd Edition – Sheryl E. Burgstahler, Michael k. Young Available in the Lawrence Library.
Yesterday a group of faculty, staff, and I convened in Main Hall 401 for a workshop, “Active Learning is Loud!” The well-attended session centered on active learning strategy, and associated challenges and countermeasures. The time consisted of a brief summary of active learning, which you may find here, presentations by Beth DeStasio (Biology) and Kathy Privatt (Theater) about their experiences with active learning, and then an activity and discussion around challenges associated with active learning and brainstorming ways about how we might address those.
Presentations
Beth shared her work in biology highlighting her use of manipulatives in which she uses straws of various colors and lengths to teach DNA replication. She also shared some of the strategies she employs to manage the logistics of group work during the active learning activities.
Kathy shared a few different examples of active learning activities that she has done with her students. One well received example was the mention of a variation of the Think-Pair-Share strategy in which students will leave the classroom and walk rather than having a sit-down meeting. Kathy shared that the addition of the movement helps the students engage and have richer discussion.
Take-Away’s
While brief, the session proved valuable to all in attendance as was evidenced by their take-away’s. Some poignant comments are shared below.
One attendee noted, “It was good to see examples of active learning that are not dependent on technology. It was good to hear that other people run into some of the same challenges that I do.” The second part of that comment is probably one of the most valuable parts that I see come out of these workshops and something that I aim to incorporate into every workshop or session I facilitate.
Another attendee appreciated Kathy’s mention of the “walking meetings,” mentioning that, “Physical movement in classroom and outside of classroom promotes discussions.” The same person commented on Beth’s example of using the manipulatives saying that the, “visual aids/hands-on materials not only help students but also help instructors to check progress.” These are two benefits of an active learning approach.
Related to the idea of movement another attendee commented that they, “especially liked hearing how leaving the classroom to go on a walk and then returning helped overcome challenges of a physical space.” This is a key point as limitations of space are a large challenge for active learning. The space doesn’t directly influence teaching and learning, but it does have strong influence in how the space is used and the sort of activities it can support. Finding creative ways to work within the space that we have is a key skill for instructors.
It was a pleasure facilitating this workshop and appreciate everyone who participated. I look forward to learning more about active learning strategies, especially with an eye toward assessment, and working with the faculty here to implement these and other strategies to make the teaching and learning experience the best it can be.
The Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching provides a very good definition of active learning. They define active learning as,
“… activities that students do to construct knowledge and understanding. The activities vary but require students to do higher order thinking. Although not always explicitly noted, metacognition—students’ thinking about their own learning—is an important element, providing the link between activity and learning.”1
I appreciate this definition as it touches on three important ideas:
Constructivism – the idea that students can/will construct their own knowledge and understanding through the learning experience
Bloom’s Taxonomy – pushing the students toward higher order thinking
Metacognition – providing opportunity for the students to think about what and how they are learning
These ideas work in concert.
The end-goal of any active learning strategy is three-fold:
Increase student engagement
Increase student motivation
Increase knowledge retention by creating a more impactful learning experience.
Strategies
There are a number of varying strategies that fall under active learning. A common characteristic of many of these strategies is that they involve students working in collaborative groups. The guide referenced earlier,1 lists a number of strategies. Some of the strategies being employed on Lawrence’s campus are the Jigsaw Method and Team Based Learning (TBL). Others are using manipulatives with collaborative learning groups, a walking meeting model, or movement based collaboration around connecting to literature.
Challenges
As with any strategy there are challenges associated with active learning. A few of those include managing group dynamics, space limitations, and assessment of group work. There are countermeasures of course, but using active learning strategies must be approached with forethought.
On-Campus Resources
If you are interested in utilizing active learning strategies into a course there are people and places below that will help you in your endeavor.
Personnel
If you are interested in trying or adapting active learning strategies in your pedagogy, please reach out to any member of the Instructional Technology Team:
David Berk – Dir. of Instructional Technology, x6756
Arno Damerrow – Instructional Technologist, x6710
Jedidiah Rex – Instructional Designer, x6729
Spaces
The following spaces have been designed specifically with active learning in mind. While these spaces are specifically designed for active learning, the Instructional Technology team may be able to help you identify the best space to meet your needs.
I am pleased to announce that I will be offering a workshop around active learning.
The workshop details are: DATE: Thursday, January 10 TIME: Convo hour (11:10-12:20) LOCATION: Main 401.
During the workshop we will review what active learning is, and specific active learning strategies. We will hear from a couple instructors about their experience using active learning strategies in their teaching. We will conclude the time with an activity designed to help us identify solutions to active learning challenges.
I hope to see you there. Please RSVP via this form if you wish to attend.
UDL Guidelines. Click the image to view an interactive version.
“Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. ”1
UDL has its beginning in the universal design architectural movement which came out of “barrier free” movement. The term universal design was coined by Ronald Mace (North Carolina State University) in the 1960’s. Some examples of universal design are:
Smooth, ground level entrances without stairs
Lever handles for opening doors rather than twisting knobs
Universal Design for Learning was created by David H. Rose, Ed.D. of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) in the 1990’s. UDL, based on research in neuroscience, uses three principles. These principles are to provide: 2
Multiple means of representation
Multiple means of action and expression
Multiple means of engagement
The three UDL principles are based on three learning networks. The three networks are recognition, strategic, and affective.
The recognition network deals with, “how we gather facts and categorize what we see, hear, and read.”
The strategic network deals with how we plan and perform tasks,” and “how we organize and express our ideas.”
The affective network deals with how, “learners get engaged and stay motivated.”
There are other uses of universal design in teaching and learning:
UD for Instruction (UDforI)
UD of Instruction (UDI)
While similar, they are not the same as universal design for learning. UDL is distinctly focused on the student experience and attending to varied ways students may approach a learning experience.
Two common ideas and terms withing the UDL framework are the ‘myth of the average‘ or ‘learner variability.’ These terms point to the idea that students vary (in strengths, background, experience, perspective, and many more) from context to context, and from day to day.
UDL is meant to address this variability by providing as many on-ramps to the course material as possible, and as many means for the students to demonstrate what they have learned. You may be saying, “Well isn’t this just differentiated instruction?” One analogy in, Design & Deliver: Planning and Teaching Using UDL3, by Loui Lord Nelson, compares differentiated instruction to creating single meals for each student while UDL is a buffet. The buffet allows each person to choose those things that the like and that work best for them.
Here is a link to the guidelines. The way that this chart is organized is by principle. Under each principle are three guidelines. Each guideline then has a few supporting checkpoints. Each of the checkpoints in this chart are linked to further explanation. The three levels on the left-hand side, access, build, and internalize, speak to increasing levels of engagement of students with the learning materials. The checkpoints are what we use to identify the specific strategies we will employ as we design a specific learning experience. I have attached PDF copies in the “resources” section of the guidelines and the graphic organizer to this post.
Let’s dig a little deeper into the checkpoints to see how we might apply them. Some examples are below.
1 – Provide options for perception.
The mighty PDF. Quite ubiquitous in the higher-ed environment and at the core and inaccessible file. The PDF file format is technically an image. Even though we can see text, there isn’t any underlying text that may be manipulated. Optical character recognition, or OCR, is the process of identifying or extrapolating the text within an image. Adobe Acrobat Pro is one example of software that can do this for PDF documents. Once this process has been completed other options for interacting with the document become available. Such affordances are:
having the document read aloud – providing another mode of interaction. Toward this end there are programs, web tools, and mobile apps that can help facilitate this.
searching the text – making the document a study/research tool.
Redeeming time – the ability for a student to listen to the document on a mobile device allows the student to listen when they have time e.g. student athlete traveling to/from and event.
3.3 – Guide information processing and visualization.
Mind mapping or concept mapping provides a way for the student to organize information and make connections between the ideas.
5.1 – Use multiple media for communication.
Providing the student audio or video feedback allows tone and non-verbal cues to be communicated. Making this an option for students can provide assistance to those students who are better explaining ideas verbally than in writing.
5.2 – Use multiple tools for construction and composition.
Allowing students to create a podcast as an option to writing a research paper gives the students a creative alternative.
6.1 – Guide appropriate goal setting.
Providing time estimates for readings/materials supports the student in managing their own work, planning and prioritizing for when works best for them.
6.3 – Facilitate managing information and resources.
Chunking, or breaking a larger task or piece of information supports the student in managing the task and/or understanding the larger idea.
6.4 – Enhance capacity for monitoring progress.
Helping students to see their progress in a course can allow them to better assess their work and the learning they are doing. Course completion tracking in Moodle is a tool that could be leveraged to support this.
7.1 – Optimize individual choice and autonomy.
Providing alternative formats of course materials and providing options for assignments and activities support this checkpoint. Other strategies that may do so also are creation of class norms, collaborative assessment/rubric design in which the instructor and class work together to create the assessment or rubric.
7.2 – Optimize relevance, value, and authenticity.
Whose voices are represented? Are the materials relevant to all the learners? How can they made to be relevant?
8.1 – Heighten salience of goals and objectives.
The more an instructor can deliberately share of the “why” of the task/assignment/activity/process, the better the students will understand the importance of the said task/assignment/activity/process, and most importantly be more engaged and motivated in the learning process.
8.3 – Foster collaboration and community.
Shared class notes are a way to foster collaboration and to support students who may not be as strong in this area.
8.4 – Increase mastery-oriented feedback.
Providing learners feedback that a particular response is correct or incorrect really only provides limited information. Creating feedback that guides a student toward discovering the correct answer supports this checkpoint. Utilizing Moodle quiz feedback and the question bank are examples of a tool that an instructor might use.
9.3 – Develop self-assessment and reflection.
Including metacognitive prompts – “What worked?,” “What didn’t?,” “Why?,” “What would help you learn?” – Can support the student in taking control of their learning, knowing themselves better and provide them the means to identify and search after those things that help them the best/most.
Some things to keep in mind or questions to ask as you consider adapting a learning experience within the UDL framework:
What does this design change require? Technology? Time? Funds?
What are challenges against this design change?
How easily could this change be implemented in a course?
How might you assess the impact of the change?
Take-Away’s
The hour for the workshop went by very quickly. Everyone was able to get something out of the time together. One common thread was appreciation for the analogy of UDL being a “buffet” – providing options for the students to choose what they like and works best for them, versus differentiated instruction where you are making separate meals to fit each student. Others from the workshop voiced appreciation for the time and space to talk with peers about what colleagues are doing and realizing that they are dealing with a lot of the same issues.
This workshop was a great experience for me as a facilitator and I look forward to discussing these ideas further and working with instructors to implement these and other strategies into the teaching and learning experience.
http://udlguidelines.cast.org/ – This is an interactive web version of the guidelines. You can click on each of the checkpoints for more information and suggestions for application.
Books
Design and Deliver: Planning and teaching Using Universal Design for Learning – Loui Lord Nelson, PhD. Available in the Lawrence Library.
Universal Design for Learning in the Classroom: Practical Applications (What Works for Special-Needs Learners) 1st Edition – Tracey E. Hall, Anne Meyers, David H. Rose Available in the Lawrence Library.
Universal Design in Higher Education: From Principles to Practice 2nd Edition – Sheryl E. Burgstahler, Michael k. Young Available in the Lawrence Library.
The workshop has been rescheduled for Thursday March 14th, 9:30-11:00 AM
